When Hipprocrates said “let food be your medicine and medicine be your food” he knew that food influences our health. And it tells us that nutritional genomics, which I will discuss in this article; a new science appeared in the post genomic era as a result of the sequencing of human genome (all DNA sequences that characterize an individual) and the technological advances that allow the analysis of large amounts of complex information.
WHAT IS NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS?
The aim of nutritional genomics is to study the interactions of genes with elements of the human diet, altering cellular metabolism and generating changes in the metabolic profiles that may be associated with susceptibility and risk of developing diseases.
This study wants to improve the health and to prevent diseases based on changes in nutrition. It is very important not understand nutritional genomics how that specific food or nutrients cause a particular answer to certain genes.
When we talk about diet we have to distinguish between what are nutrients and what are food. Nutrients are compounds that form part of our body, while foods are what we eat. Food can take many nutrients or only one (such as salt).
NUTRIGENOMICS vs. NUTRIGENETICS
Within nutritional genomics we find nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, but although their names we may seem to mean the same is not the case (Figure 1).
Nutrigenomics is the study of how foods affect our genes, and nutrigenetics is the study of how individual genetic differences can affect the way we respond to nutrients in the foods we eat.

NUTRIGENOMICS IN DETAIL
Nutrients can affect metabolic pathways and homeostasis (balance) of our body. If this balance is disturbed chronic diseases or cancer may appear, but it can also happen that a disease, which we have it, be more or less severe. It means that impaired balance can give the appearance, progression or severity of diseases.
The aim of nutrigenomics is that homeostasis is not broken and to discover the optimal diet within a range of nutritional alternatives.
Thus, it avoids alterations in genome, in epigenome and/or in expression of genes.
ALTERATIONS IN GENOME
Free radicals are subproducts that oxidise lipids, proteins or DNA. These can be generated in mitochondria, organelles that we have inside cells and produce energy; but we can also incorporate from external agents (tobacco, alcohol, food, chemicals, radiation).
In adequate amounts they provide us benefits, but too much free radicals are toxic (they can cause death of our cells).
Antioxidants neutralize free radicals. But where can we get these antioxidants? There are foods that contain them, as Table 1 shows.

The way we cook food or cooking is important for avoid to generate free radicals. In barbecues, when we put the meat on high heat, fats and meat juices fall causing fire flames. This produces more flame and it generates PAHs (a type of free radicals). These adhere to the surface of the meat and when we eat it can damage our DNA.
ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENOME
Epigenome is the global epigenetic information of an organism, ie, changes in gene expression that are inheritable, but they are not due to a change in DNA sequence.
Epigenetic changes may depend on diet, aging or drugs. These changes would not have to exist lead to diseases as cancer, autoimmune diseases, diabetes…
For example, with hypomethylation, in general, cytosines would have to be methylated are not. What does it mean? Hypomethylation silenced genes and then, they cannot be expressed. Therefore, we need methylated DNA. A way of methylate DNA is eating food rich in folic acid.
ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION
There are agents (UV rays) that activate pathways that affect gene expression. Occurring a cascade that activates genes related to cell proliferation, no differentiation of cells and that cells survive when they should die. All this will lead us cancer.
It has been found that there are foods which, by its components, can counteract activation of these pathways, preventing signal transduction is given. For example curcumin (curry), EGCG (green tea) or resveratrol (red wine).
REFERENCES
- The NCMHD Center of Excellence for Nutritional Genomics
- Michael Müller’s Laboratory
- Documentos TV: La Alimentación del Futuro
- M. Müller, S. Kersten. Nutrigenomics: Goals ans Strategies. Nature Reviews Genetics 2003; 4, 315-322
- J. Kaput, R.L. Rodríguez. Nutritional Genomics: the Next Frontier in the Postgenomic Era. Physiol Genomics 2004; 16, 166-177
- J.M. Ordovas, D. Corella. Nutritional Genomics. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2004; 5, 71-118
- Portal Antioxidantes
- Main picture: The Pu·rée