The global change is the main threat to the Arctic, due to the increasing temperature is melting their ice coverage. What will be the consequences of this for its fragile ecosystem? Who cares about it?
THE ARCTIC AND ITS IMPORTANCE
The Arctic, one of the few unspoiled areas of the planet, is located in the north pole. Low temperatures in the region (an average of -35°C in winter and 0ºC in summer) are explained by the low insolation due to the inclination of the globe.
Before the industrial age, the permanent ice of the Arctic occupied about 7 million square kilometers (doubling its size in winter), but it is increasingly difficult to maintain that ice in summer. The ice may reach a thickness of 50 meters in winter, dropping to 2 meters in summer.
Before you start, you can enjoy this video with stunning images of the Arctic:
LIFE IN THE ARCTIC
The Arctic offers a wide variety of different environments: ocean, ice sheets, the coastal area, the tundra and some coniferous forests.
This allows the livelihood of many plant and animal species. Only in the Arctic Ocean, it has been described more than 5,000 animal species, some of which are endemic to this area. An estimated 400 species live only in the Arctic region.
Among the best known animals, we find the bowhead whale (Balaenoa mysticetus), a large animal that can live more than 100 years, and the narwhal (Monodon monoceros), cetacean in which males have a very long tusk, used during courtship.
On ice and snow, polar bear (Ursus maritimus), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), the Arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos) and the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are present.
The Arctic is also home to over 80 species of birds, including the Brünnich’s guillemoth or the king eider; and more than 400 fish.
But undoubtedly, the group that takes the cake are arthropods, with more than 1,500 documented species, although there are also representatives of almost all existing animal phyla.
THE ARCTIC IS ESSENTIAL TO CLIMATE
The Arctic, along with Antarctica, is like a natural air conditioner on the planet. Therefore, malfunction further enhances the effects of climate change.
The ice cover is responsible for a high percentage of albedo. Albedo is the effect by which a surface reflects part of the solar radiation back into the atmosphere, thus maintaining a lower temperature. Without this effect, the temperatures will be increasingly high.
The physical processes taking place in the Arctic affect ocean circulation worldwide: during the formation of sea ice, water crystals exclude salt, so that water is increasingly salty. The increase of salinity, along with the low water temperatures, cause the formation of a very dense water mass that sinks to the ocean floor and is transported southward through the thermohaline circulation, responsible for regulating the global climate. Without ice, the thermohaline circulation may be interrupted or weakened, with the consequences that would follow.
ARCTIC AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Due to the increase in temperature on a global level, the ice covering the Arctic has been reducing. Several reports indicate that this reduction was about 30% in just two decades. Also, if this trend continues, in twenty years might disappear all Arctic ice, at least during summer. Without ice, many species will have serious problems to survive, such as the polar bear, seals and other pinnipeds.
As we have seen, no ice, no albedo; but also if the permanent ice melts, it will cause the release of large amounts of greenhouse gases that are trapped in either the ice or in the frozen Arctic soil (permafrost); providing a positive feedback to climate change.
Some studies suggest that, if the entire Greenland ice melt the average sea level will rise 7 meters.
In addition, increasingly massive algal blooms occur, which sink and cause eutrophication of the ecosystem. The ice thickness reduction allows increasing carbon dioxide in water to penetrate, causing water acidification, which can cause bleaching of coral and shells malformations in animals.
There are many companies that see the melting of the Arctic as a commercial possibility:
- Obtaining energy resources such as natural gas and oil (for only 3 years, according to experts).
- Exploitation of mineral resources such as manganese, gold, lead and diamonds.
- New fishing grounds.
- New trade routes for shipping and tourism.
Thus, the Arctic is a very fragile ecosystem that we must protect together. Acting locally, we are acting globally.
REFERENCES
- Broecker, WS (2005). The role of the ocean in climate: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Eldigio Press
- El mar a fondo: El agua de mar y las corrientes oceánicas (Guía didáctica).
- McIntyre, A (2010). Life in the World’s Oceans. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
- Greenpeace (2013). El Ártico y los efectos del cambio climático en España. Salvar el Ártico es salvar mucho más. Greenpeace.
- Hutchinson, S & Hawkins, LE (2004). Océanos. Libros Cúpula. Coleccion Biblioteca visual
- Palacín, B (2010). La creciente importancia el Ártico. Revista Española de Defensa
- Perrin, WF; Würsig, B & Thewissen, JGM (2009). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press (2 ed)
- Cover picture: Kerstin Langenberger
On the left, tundra zone; and on the right, alpine zone (Image by 
Trees on subalpine zone (Photo taken by 
Cranberry bush (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) (Photo taken by 
On the left, tundra in Siberia (Photo taken by Dr. Andreas Hugentobler); on the right, alpine zone in Monte Blanco (Photo taken by 
On the left, iris rhizome (Iris) (Photo taken by 
Cushion-shaped plant (Minuartia arcica) (Photo taken by 
Lucile's Glory-of-the-snow (Chionodoxa luciliae) (Photo taken by 
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